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International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
Helmut K. Anheier, Stefan Toepler, Regina List (Eds).
International Encyclopedia
of Civil Society
With 40 Figures and 44 Tables
HELMUT K. ANHEIER
University of Heidelberg
Heidelberg
Germany
Hertie School of Governance
Berlin
Germany
STEFAN TOEPLER
George Mason University
Arlington, VA
USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937022
ISBN: 978-0-387-93994-0
This publication is available also as:
Electronic publication under ISBN: 978-0-387-93996-4 and
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN: 978-0-387-93997-1
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 (USA)
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher
(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or
scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be
taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
springer.com
Printed on acid free paper
SPIN: 12609567 2109SPi– 5 43210
Preface
The purpose of the
International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
is twofold. First, it is to take intellectual stock and offer an
authoritative assessment of knowledge of and for a field of study that has expanded greatly in recent decades. This field,
however, does not present itself as a settled or unified body of theories and facts; nor is it easily accessible to experts,
students and practitioners. Instead, the field consists of several overlapping substantive areas such as civil society, social
capital, philanthropy, voluntarism, civic engagement, etc., and cuts across a range of social science disciplines that
include economics, sociology, political science, history, the law, and psychology.
The second purpose of the
Encyclopedia
is to introduce greater conceptual clarity to an increasingly perplexing
terminology that has been developing in the field of civil society, philanthropy, nonprofit or nongovernmental
organizations, voluntarism, etc. over time. Confusion about the meaning of volunteering, association, civil society,
nonprofit organizations, foundations, and charity has handicapped communication and understanding, particularly in
inter-disciplinary and international contexts.
In the past, the terminological tangles so characteristic of this field may well have mattered less, yet as this set of
institutions has achieved greater social, economic and policy relevance, greater clarity now seems more urgent. Indeed,
the lack of a multi-disciplinary and international Encyclopedia dedicated to civil society and related topics has long been
a major complaint among teachers, students, and researchers in the field, as well as among practitioners and policy-
makers around the world. The present
Encyclopedia
was developed with these multiple audiences and uses in mind.
Though an unsettled, evolving body of knowledge with a complex, even confusing terminology could be seen as a
chronic weakness of a research agenda, curriculum or policy field, we believe that in the case of civil society it is rather a
sign of intellectual fertility. In the context of this evolving intellectual field, we have sought to offer an inventory of the
conceptual landscape rather than set some standards —however defined— or privilege one definition over another.
Nonetheless this meant that we had to come to terms with the diversity and richness of institutions, organizations and
behaviors located between the ‘market’ and the ‘state’ — a task complicated by the great profusion of terms.
Selecting the entries for this
Encyclopedia
was a complex process that involved many difficult choices. A basic
premise was that given the relative newness of the field, the
Encyclopedia
should not only cover terms and concepts but
also include entries on internationally relevant organizations and personalities in the field of civil society. Another
premise was that the
Encyclopedia
should genuinely be internationally-oriented and provide coverage of concepts,
traditions, and institutions from different parts of the world, thereby acknowledging the diversity of the field from a
cross-national perspective.
The field of civil society studies is a conglomerate of separate intellectual approaches and traditions that are reflected
in this
Encyclopedia
and include:
●
the resurgent interest in civil society across the social science and policy fields, particularly since the 1990s;
●
the older traditions of civil society from Antiquity through the early 20
th
century, with several distinct intellectual,
national and regional traditions;
●
a tradition of philanthropic studies, largely US-based and focused on the role of foundations and philanthropy in
American society;
●
an emphasis on nonprofit organizations in economics since the 1980s;
●
the rich intellectual approaches to voluntary associations, voluntarism and civic engagement in sociology;
●
the anthropology and ethnology of voluntary associations and voluntarism;
●
the different approaches to social capital in sociology and political science;
●
work on altruism and helping behavior in psychology and economics;
●
the study of advocacy, new social movements, interest associations and political associations in political science;
●
the welfare state literature in political science, sociology and economics;
●
the bourgeoning literature on nongovernmental organizations in developmental studies and international relations;
●
the study of the social economy and its institutions in Europe and other parts of the world; and, of course,
●
the impact of different legal systems (common law and civil law) and traditions.
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
Helmut K. Anheier, Stefan Toepler, Regina List (Eds).
International Encyclopedia
of Civil Society
With 40 Figures and 44 Tables
HELMUT K. ANHEIER
University of Heidelberg
Heidelberg
Germany
Hertie School of Governance
Berlin
Germany
STEFAN TOEPLER
George Mason University
Arlington, VA
USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937022
ISBN: 978-0-387-93994-0
This publication is available also as:
Electronic publication under ISBN: 978-0-387-93996-4 and
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN: 978-0-387-93997-1
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 (USA)
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher
(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or
scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be
taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
springer.com
Printed on acid free paper
SPIN: 12609567 2109SPi– 5 43210
Preface
The purpose of the
International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
is twofold. First, it is to take intellectual stock and offer an
authoritative assessment of knowledge of and for a field of study that has expanded greatly in recent decades. This field,
however, does not present itself as a settled or unified body of theories and facts; nor is it easily accessible to experts,
students and practitioners. Instead, the field consists of several overlapping substantive areas such as civil society, social
capital, philanthropy, voluntarism, civic engagement, etc., and cuts across a range of social science disciplines that
include economics, sociology, political science, history, the law, and psychology.
The second purpose of the
Encyclopedia
is to introduce greater conceptual clarity to an increasingly perplexing
terminology that has been developing in the field of civil society, philanthropy, nonprofit or nongovernmental
organizations, voluntarism, etc. over time. Confusion about the meaning of volunteering, association, civil society,
nonprofit organizations, foundations, and charity has handicapped communication and understanding, particularly in
inter-disciplinary and international contexts.
In the past, the terminological tangles so characteristic of this field may well have mattered less, yet as this set of
institutions has achieved greater social, economic and policy relevance, greater clarity now seems more urgent. Indeed,
the lack of a multi-disciplinary and international Encyclopedia dedicated to civil society and related topics has long been
a major complaint among teachers, students, and researchers in the field, as well as among practitioners and policy-
makers around the world. The present
Encyclopedia
was developed with these multiple audiences and uses in mind.
Though an unsettled, evolving body of knowledge with a complex, even confusing terminology could be seen as a
chronic weakness of a research agenda, curriculum or policy field, we believe that in the case of civil society it is rather a
sign of intellectual fertility. In the context of this evolving intellectual field, we have sought to offer an inventory of the
conceptual landscape rather than set some standards —however defined— or privilege one definition over another.
Nonetheless this meant that we had to come to terms with the diversity and richness of institutions, organizations and
behaviors located between the ‘market’ and the ‘state’ — a task complicated by the great profusion of terms.
Selecting the entries for this
Encyclopedia
was a complex process that involved many difficult choices. A basic
premise was that given the relative newness of the field, the
Encyclopedia
should not only cover terms and concepts but
also include entries on internationally relevant organizations and personalities in the field of civil society. Another
premise was that the
Encyclopedia
should genuinely be internationally-oriented and provide coverage of concepts,
traditions, and institutions from different parts of the world, thereby acknowledging the diversity of the field from a
cross-national perspective.
The field of civil society studies is a conglomerate of separate intellectual approaches and traditions that are reflected
in this
Encyclopedia
and include:
●
the resurgent interest in civil society across the social science and policy fields, particularly since the 1990s;
●
the older traditions of civil society from Antiquity through the early 20
th
century, with several distinct intellectual,
national and regional traditions;
●
a tradition of philanthropic studies, largely US-based and focused on the role of foundations and philanthropy in
American society;
●
an emphasis on nonprofit organizations in economics since the 1980s;
●
the rich intellectual approaches to voluntary associations, voluntarism and civic engagement in sociology;
●
the anthropology and ethnology of voluntary associations and voluntarism;
●
the different approaches to social capital in sociology and political science;
●
work on altruism and helping behavior in psychology and economics;
●
the study of advocacy, new social movements, interest associations and political associations in political science;
●
the welfare state literature in political science, sociology and economics;
●
the bourgeoning literature on nongovernmental organizations in developmental studies and international relations;
●
the study of the social economy and its institutions in Europe and other parts of the world; and, of course,
●
the impact of different legal systems (common law and civil law) and traditions.
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]